Total suspended sediment (TSS)

Total phosphorus (TP)

Total phosphorus (TP)

Chemical Oxygen Demand (CODcr)

Total suspended sediment (TSS)

Total nitrogen (TN)

Street density

Total nitrogen in mean seasonal stormflow

Street density

Total phosphorus in mean seasonal stormflow

Street density

Water yield

Connected impervious cover

Water yield

Street canopy fraction

Stormflow TP (total phosphorus)

Baseflow

Baseflow phosphorus concentrations were lower than stormwater (13 to 28% of mean stormflow TP)

Baseflow

Nitrogen concentrations in baseflow runoff was variable among sites. TN concentrations were similar between stormflow and baseflow events (mean difference 21%).

Phosphorus input to the highly urbanised watershed

Phosphorus output via stormwater drains. The study found that phosphorus retention in the watershed was small (average 22%) and the P output was positively correlated with the P input.

Atmospheric deposition

Nitrogen input to the watershed. This study found that atmospheric deposition input the second most nitrogen into the watershed over the 7 catchments (contributing 19-34% of N inputs)

Atmospheric deposition

Phosphorus input to the watershed. This study found that atmospheric deposition input the second most phosphorus into the watershed over the 7 catchments (contributing 13-33% of P inputs)

Household pet waste

Phosphorus input to the watershed. This study found that household pet waste input the most phosphorus into the watershed over the 7 catchments (contributing up to 76% of P inputs)

Residential fertilizer

Nitrogen input to the watershed. This study found that residential fertiliser input the most nitrogen into the watershed over the 7 catchments (ranging from 37% to 59% of total N inputs)

Forage stream buffer

Total dissolved nitrogen and Total nitrogen

Forage entire stream buffer

Total dissolved phosphorus and Total phosphorus

Sewage treatment plant population density

Total dissolved phosphorus and Total phosphorus

Sewage treatment plant population density

Total dissolved nitrogen and Total nitrogen

Imperviousness of the watershed

Total dissolved nitrogen and Total nitrogen

Pervious headwater buffer

Total dissolved nitrogen and Total nitrogen

Increased Total Phosphorus (TP) and Particulate Phosphorus (PP)

Different source areas - main road, parking lot, community road, roof, lawn and at a stormwater outlet.

Changed Total Phosphorus (TP) and Particulate Phosphorus (PP). Main road runoff had the highest TP and PP event mean concentrations (EMCs) (2.5 and 2.43mg/L respectively). The lowest TP and PP EMCs was in the roof runoff.

Increased Total Suspended Solids (TSS)

Increased Total Phosphorus (TP) and Particulate Phosphorus (PP)

Combined media filtration process with micro-flocculation

The combined process achieved a 97.3% removal efficiency for particulate phosphorus and 97.4% removal efficiency for dissolved phosphorus. This was compared with a media filtration only removal which achieved 71.8% particulate removal efficiency for particulate phosphorus and 25.6% removal efficiency of dissolved phosphorus. By the addition of micro-flocculation, the removal efficiency improved by 25.5% for particulate phosphorus and 71.8% for dissolved phosphorus.

Volumetric Clarifying Filter (VCF)

Phosphorus fraction. All phosphorus fractions (settleable, sediment, dissolved) and thus total phosphorus were significantly reduced from influent to effluent from the VCF.

Increased pH between 6 and 8.5

Change in phosphorus speciation. The dominant species found in the stormwater was orthophosphates and it was found to be largely driven by the pH - as pH increased, so too did the orthophosphate presence.

Dissolved chemical oxygen demand (DCOD)

Dissolved total nitrogen (DTN). The study showed that DCOD was strongly correlated with dissolved total nitrogen in roof runoff (r=0.859)but not in road runoff (r=0.260).

Dissolved chemical oxygen demand (DCOD)

Dissolved total phosphorus (DTP). The study showed that DCOD was strongly correlated with dissolved total phosphorus in roof runoff (r=0.821)but not in road runoff (r=0.522).

Total suspended solids

Particulate total phosphorus. The study showed that TSS was strongly correlated with particulate total phosphorus.

Sunken lawn infiltration systems planted with two species (Poa pratensis and Lolium perenne)

The effluent from the two planted systems had a higher removal efficiency of Chemical oxygen demand (COD) than the soil only treatment system. The removal efficiency of Poa pratensis was 81.74+/-6.00%, Lolium perenne was 76.13+/- 7.97% and soil only was 59.93+-2.2%.

Sunken lawn infiltration systems planted with two species (Poa pratensis and Lolium perenne)

The effluent from the two planted systems had a higher removal efficiency of nitrogen than the soil only treatment system. The removal efficiency of Poa pratensis was 74.04+/-17.67%, Lolium perenne was 59.24+/-15.84% and soil only was 20.56+-14.74%. The nitrogen removal was suggested to be due to nitrification and denitrification.

Sunken lawn infiltration systems planted with two species (Poa pratensis and Lolium perenne)

The effluent from the two planted systems had a higher removal efficiency of total phosphorus (TP) than the soil only treatment system. The removal efficiency of Poa pratensis was 80.12+/-9.45%, Lolium perenne was 71.54+/-13.83% and soil only was 50.17+-18.95%.

Increased iron filings in a sand filtration system. The study investigated the impact of 0%, 0.3%, 2% and 5% iron filings in sand filtration media.

Decreased phosphate in outflow. The study found that an increased percentage of iron filings resulted in greater capture of phosphate within the sand media. An average of 88% of phosphates were captured with 5% iron filings in the media, 79% with 2% iron filings and 18% with 0.3% iron filings. The control treatment of sand media only showed an increase in phosphates from influent to effluent which the authors explain as a phosphate release from the media.

Increased iron filings in a sand filtration system. The study investigated the impact of 0%, 0.3%, 2% and 5% iron filings in sand filtration media.

Hydraulic conductivity - the incorporation of iron filings and the increased capture of phosphates onto the iron filings was found to have no significant effect on hydraulic conductivity of the media.

Decreased leaf litter on ground due to manual leaf removal.

Dissolved nitrogen and total nitrogen were significantly reduced in the fall by 71% and 74% respectively in the presence of an active leaf removal program. The program also resulted in significant removal during Spring for both TN (52%) and DN (44%).

Decreased leaf litter on ground due to manual leaf removal.

Dissolved phosphorus and total phosphorus were significantly reduced in the fall by 83% and 84% respectively in the presence of an active leaf removal program. The program also resulted in significant removal during Spring for both TP (45%) and DP (51%) and removal during Summer of TP (36%) (but not DP).

Rainfall

The energy from rainfall was shown to have an effect on pollutant loads in runoff, attributed to the energy in rainfall causing pollutants to be dislodged from the surface. The experiment compared a surface affected by rainfall and runoff with a surface only affected by runoff and found rainfall to have a notable impact on the pollutant wash-off loads. Note that no statistical result was stated in the paper to evaluate this relationship or determine effect size/significance.

Increasing storm duration

The TSS concentration was highest at the start of the simulated runoff and decreased over time.

Increasing storm duration

The TP concentration was highest at the start of the simulated runoff and decreased over time.

Increasing storm duration

The TN concentration was highest at the start of the simulated runoff and decreased over time.

Urban trees in landscape compared with turfgrass

The data from this study did not provide a clear answer on whether urban trees decrease nitrogen leaching compared with turfgrass. The difference varied between an increase and decrease across the time series.

Urban trees in landscape compared with turfgrass

Urban trees were found to have lower soil water phosphorus concentrations than open turfgrass areas. Deciduous trees had the lowest phosphorus concentrations, followed by evergreens and then turfgrass.

Duration of rain event

Concentrations of Total nitrogen (TN) and Total phosphorus (TP) were found to be high at the start of rain events in the study and decreased sharply with increased duration of rain event.

Different surface types assessed - lawn, roads, roofs

Total nitrogen (TN) was not significantly different in runoff from the different surface types.

Different surface types assessed - lawn, roads, roofs

Total phosphorus (TP) in runoff from lawns and roads was significantly higher than in roof runoff.

Different surface types assessed - lawn, roads, roofs

TSS in runoff from lawns and roads was significantly higher than in roof runoff.

Impervious surfaces. 3 catchments were assessed with differing imperviousness - Low: 19%, Intermediate: 62%, High: 89%

Total metals (Mn, Co, Ni and Cu) increased with increasing imperviousness.

Impervious surfaces. 3 catchments were assessed with differing imperviousness - Low: 19%, Intermediate: 62%, High: 89%

No correlation between imperviousness and total organic carbon was identified with lowest concentration of TOC identified in the intermediate catchment and highest in the High catchment.

Impervious surfaces. 3 catchments were assessed with differing imperviousness - Low: 19%, Intermediate: 62%, High: 89%

Total suspended solids increased with increasing imperviousness.

Impervious surfaces. 3 catchments were assessed with differing imperviousness - Low: 19%, Intermediate: 62%, High: 89%

Total phosphorus was equal across the intermediate and high imperviousness catchments but twice as high in the low imperviousness catchment

Impervious surfaces. 3 catchments were assessed with differing imperviousness - Low: 19%, Intermediate: 62%, High: 89%

Total nitrogen in runoff increased with catchment impervious percentage.

Particle size

Highest total phosphorus load is associated with the particle size 75 to 150 micrometres for industrial and commercial road surfaces.

Particle size

Highest total nitrogen load is associated with the particle size 75 to 150 micrometres for all road surface types.

Particle size

Total organic carbon. Highest amount of TOC was correlated with a particle size 75-150micrometers. Most TOC is associated with particle sizes less than 150micrometers.

Type of land use - industrial, residential, commercial

Total solids load. This study found the total solids load collected from the road was different for different land uses. TS load on residential road surface was lowest and TS load on commercial road was highest.

Rainfall duration

Increased particulate organic nitrogen

Rainfall volume

Increased particulate organic nitrogen

Increased antecedent dry days

Increased particulate organic nitrogen

Rainfall intensity

Increased dissolved organic nitrogen

Increased duration of rainfall

Increased dissolved inorganic nitrogen

Increased antecedent dry period

Increased dissolved inorganic nitrogen

Increased total rainfall

Increased dissolved inorganic nitrogen

Irrigation of lawn surfaces in a residential catchment.

Total suspended solids concentration at outlet pipe of residential catchment. Higher concentrations of TSS often occurred with use of reclaimed water for irrigation and lower with municipal water.

Irrigation of lawn surfaces in a residential catchment.

Concentration of phosphorus at residential stormwater outlet pipe. Phosphorus concentration was generally lower at times when municipal water was used for irrigation within the catchment and higher when reclaimed water was used for irrigation. During the study, an event was recorded which resulted in a significant increase in TP which the author suggests was due to a substantial wetting event causing particulates to be flushed off.

Irrigation of lawn surfaces in a residential catchment

Concentration of nitrogen at outlet pipe. Nitrogen concentration was lowest at times when municipal water was used for irrigation within the catchment and highest when reclaimed water was used for irrigation.

Green roof

The green roof resulted in higher total solids concentration in the runoff collected.

Green roof

The nitrogen concentrations from the runoff collected from the green roof were lower than the stone roof, but slightly higher than the control asphalt roof.

Green roof

The total phosphate concentrations from the runoff collected from the green roof were lower than the asphalt and stone roofs

Green roof

Retention of stormwater at source. Study found that both a green roof and stone roof were effective in reducing runoff volume through the attenuation of flow. The green roof achieved a 68.25% rainfall volume reduction throughout the study.

A first flush effect was observed for most pollutants studied (TP, NH4, TSS, COD) during heavy rainfall recorded in this study. No first flush was observed during the lighter rainfall recorded in the study. Study concludes that the rainfall intensity was an important factor in pollutant wash off.

Different land use types - arterial road, residential road, industrial area

Total phosphorus - This study found that TP in runoff was positively correlated with population, pedestrian volume and traffic flow volume.

Different land use types - arterial road, residential road, industrial area

NH4 (ammonium) - This study found that NH4 in runoff was positively correlated with population, pedestrian volume and traffic flow volume.

Floating constructed treatment wetland with two macrophyte species (Phragmites australis and Canna indica)

Phosphorus was removed from water with the presence of the floating wetland species. Paper suggests phosphorus removal was through filtration-sedimentation processes. No test statistics were supplied.

Floating constructed treatment wetland with two macrophyte species (Phragmites australis and Canna indica)

Nitrogen was removed from water with the presence of the floating wetland species. Paper suggests nitrogen removal was through nitrification-denitrification processes. No test statistics were supplied.

Floating treatment wetlands

Reduction of zinc from water. Zinc removal varied across treatments but all were lower than the control which was negligible. Less than 40% Zn reduction was achieved by any treatment.

Floating treatment wetlands

Reduction of copper from water. The presence of planted floating mats significantly improved removal of copper from the synthetic stormwater. Planted treatments resulted in 65-75% reduction in total Cu concentrations after 7 days. The synthetic root treatment acheived Cu reduction of 50% after 7 days whilst the floating mat with soil media and floating mat treatments achieved 43% and 30% reduction respectively. Little change was seen in the control.

Floating treatment wetlands

Reduction of dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) from water. The presence of planted floating mats (in the presence of fine suspended solids) significantly improved removal of phosphorus from the synthetic stormwater. Removal rates ranged from 30% to 60% of DRP and 58% TP after 7 days for planted treatments.

Implementation of wetland plants to fresh water system

Reduced phosphorus in water through phosphorus phytoremediation

Plants in floating treatment wetlands

Removal of nitrogen from water.

Plants in floating treatment wetlands

Removal of phosphorus from water.

Attenuation of phosphorus from septic tank effluent within soil

Adsorption of phosphorus in soil results in removal of phosphorus prior to discharge to environment

Bioretention basin

TN

Bioretention basin

TP

Bioretention basin

TSS

Bioretention basin

The peak flows from rainfall events were reduced

Extractable soil phosphorus in soil under turf grass areas

Dissolved reactive phosphorus concentration in runoff from turf grass areas

Elevated stream salinity - the amount of inorganic salts dissolved in water i.e. increased salt concentrations (as measured by continuous measurements of electrical conductivity (EC) and periodic measurements of chloride concentrations) in streams.

Stream macroinvertebrate community composition differed at sites receiving run-off from road salting activities near Perisher. Abundances of Oligochaeta (worms) (up to 11-fold), Dugesiidae (flat worms) (up to fourfold), and Aphroteniinae (chironomids) (up to 14-fold) increased, whereas Leptophlebiidae (mayflies) decreased by up to 100% compared with non-salted sites. Considering all sites separately, i.e., not as site-pairs, permutational ANOSIM demonstrated a small, but statistically significant difference in the macroinvertebrate assemblage structure at sites receiving salt runoff (salted sites) and those sites not receiving salt runoff (unsalted sites) (R = 0.167; p = 0.007).

TP

Chlorophyll a concentration

Small dams cause a decrease in flow variability, removing a lot of the flow fluctuations downstream, although they do not prevent large floods that over-top the structures.

There was a greater number of plant species found within the channel (but not looking at aquatic plants) in the sites downstream of dams. This was mostly driven by a greater number of 'dry' life history specialists and greater number of grass taxa.

Connection of the mining effluent to the river, which is enumerated by conductivity and dissolved Se.

Measures of taxonomic diversity (species richness, abundance, Shannon diversity) and functional diversity (functional richness, functional evenness, functional divergence)

Connection of the mining effluent to the river, which is enumerated by conductivity and dissolved Se.

Measures of taxonomic diversity (species richness, abundance, Shannon diversity) and functional diversity (functional richness, functional evenness, functional divergence)

TP

Chlorophyll a concentration

TP

Chlorophyll a concentration

test entry - Fish abundance

test entry

Urban density, estimated by % imperviousness.

Total phosphorus, event flows

Connection of the catchment to the stormwater system, which is enumerated by proximity

filterable reactive phosphorous in event flows

Percentage of catchment used for pasture (grazing) ranging from 1 to 83%

Fluorescence Index (FI), which indicates the source of DOM. Generally, lower values indicate terrestrial sources and higher values indicate in-stream sources.

Total phosphorus

Diatom assemblage composition in multi-metric space, exclusively selecting taxa with variation explained by total phosphorus according to random forest analysis.

First term has a lot of autofill entries. Can we have a category filter beforehand? or mention that things are listed categorically in the note?

See above description

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Water velocity was higher downstream of the dam than in the tail waters of the weirpools where the upstream samples were taken.

Gross primary production, as measured using the BASE method employing in situ oxygen probes

They used weirs and diversions to remove water from the natural channels of 3 small streams for 1 mo . After this time, they removed the weirs and restored natural flow patterns to the streams until the following summer.

percentage of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera (EPT) individuals

The cause has been assumed that water quality is reduced inside of pleasure boat marinas. Another way of characterising this could be a development increase, but no options for this so far

For this example, just talking about abundance of polychaete worms. These were in greater abundances inside the marina

Amount of water movement inside and outside marinas. Although not quantified directly, there was minimal movement of water inside the marinas.

The amount of metal accumulated in the DGT sampler over two one-month deployments, one in summer and one in winter. This result is for Cu

Pain decreased with GFH therapy

Lots more nitrogen from cropping in the area

Not catching many freshwater crays in monitoring work