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Urban stormwater and snowmelt pollution contributes significantly
to the deterioration of surface waters quality in many locations. Consequently,
the sources of such pollution have been studied for the past 50 years, with the
vehicular transportation sector and the atmospheric deposition identified
early as the major pollution sources. In search for mitigation of this
pollution, source controls, besides other measures, were recognised as
effective pollution mitigation tools, whose successful implementation requires
a good knowledge of pollution sources. Even though great research efforts have
been exerted to document specific sources of urban runoff
pollution, or specific groups of pollutants present in urban runoff, a
comprehensive overview of all known contributing sources is still missing. This
review contributes to closing this gap by compiling findings of previous
research and critically synthesizing the current knowledge of various stormwater
pollution sources. As the emphasis is placed on the sources, the related issues
of implications for urban surface water quality and possible source controls
for individual sources are touched upon just briefly, where required. The review
showed that the atmospheric deposition, vehicular transportation related activities
and metallic building envelopes continue to be among the major pollution
sources, which have been studied in a far greater detail than other sources.
Furthermore, it was noted that because of the rapid advances in clean
manufacturing and pollution control technologies, a large part of the body of data
on stormwater quality available in the literature should be considered as
historical data, which may no longer describe well the current conditions.
Progressing historical data obsolescence, combined with continuing releases of
new materials and chemicals, and, in some cases of new substances of potential
concern, into the environment, suggests that the identification of
important stormwater runoff/snowmelt pollution sources, and the associated
pollutants, has been and will remain to be a work in progress.