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Mitigating the environmental impact of nonpoint source
pollution from intensively managed urban and agricultural landscapes is of
paramount concern to watershed managers. Golf course turfgrass systems, which
receive significant fertilizer inputs, have been cited as significant sources
of nutrient loading to groundwater and surface water, but a contemporary synthesis
of golf course nutrient export rates is lacking. This review of nitrogen (N)
and phosphorus (P) loss from golf courses and the factors affecting it aims to
support watershed management efforts and decision making. We discuss previous
literature reviews, examine seven golf course studies that quantify nutrient
export from delineated drainage areas, and analyze the results of 40 turfgrass
plot experiments. Studies were collected systematically and selected based on
predetermined inclusion criteria. Combining evidence from both watershed- and
plot-scale studies, typical inorganic N and P losses from golf courses via
leaching and runoff are on the order of 2–12 kg ha-1 yr-1 and 0.1–1.0 kg ha-1 yr-1,
respectively. Typical total N and P losses are around 2–20 kg ha-1 yr-1 and
1.5–5
kg ha-1
yr-1,
respectively. However, the potential for large variation in export rates across
2–3
orders of magnitude must be emphasized. The body of turfgrass literature
stresses the importance of best management practices (BMPs) related to applying
fertilizer to match plant needs and reducing opportunities for its transport.
Accounting for all sources of nutrients, especially soil P, in determining
fertilizer application rates and avoiding excessive irrigation to prevent
leaching of nutrients from the rootzone is particularly important. BMPs can
also reduce nutrient leaching and runoff by controlling the movement of water
across the landscape and promoting natural nutrient attenuation, such as with
vegetative stream buffers.